OSI model with complete details and protocols on each layer.
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. Each layer serves a specific purpose and provides services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. Here's an overview of the OSI model with the protocols typically associated with each layer:
Physical Layer (Layer 1):
Responsible for the physical connection between devices.
Deals with transmission and reception of raw bit streams.
Protocols: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, Fiber optic, etc.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
Responsible for node-to-node communication within the same network segment.
Provides error detection and correction.
Protocols: Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), MAC (Media Access Control), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
Network Layer (Layer 3):
Responsible for logical addressing and routing of data packets between different networks.
Provides addressing, routing, and traffic control functions.
Protocols: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RIP (Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
Transport Layer (Layer 4):
Responsible for end-to-end communication between hosts.
Ensures data reliability, flow control, and error checking.
Protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol), SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol).
Session Layer (Layer 5):
Manages sessions between applications on different hosts.
Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections.
Protocols: NetBIOS, PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), SSH (Secure Shell).
Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
Translates data between the application layer and the network format.
Performs data encryption, compression, and conversion.
Protocols: SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
Application Layer (Layer 7):
Provides a user interface and network services to applications.
Supports application-specific functions such as email, file transfer, and remote login.
Protocols: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System).
The OSI model helps in understanding the communication process between devices in a network by breaking down the functions into distinct layers. Each layer encapsulates and abstracts the complexity of lower layers, facilitating interoperability and standardization in networking technologies.